IS BITCOIN A TRIPLE ENTRY SYSTEM?
On 13/06/11 12:56 PM, James A. Donald wrote:
> On 2011-06-12 8:57 AM, Ian G wrote:
> > I wrote a paper about John Levine's observation of low knowledge, way
> > back in 2000, called "Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers." The sort of
> > unstated thesis of this paper was that in order to understand this area
> > you had to become very multi-discipline, you had to understand up to 7
> > general areas. And that made it very hard, because most of the digital
> > cash startups lacked some of the disciplines.
>
> One of the layers you mention is accounting.
Yes, so back to crypto, or at least financial cryptography.
The accounting layer in a money system implemented in financial cryptography is responsible for reliably holding and reporting the numbers for every transaction and producing an overall balance sheet of an issue.
It is in this that BitCoin may have its greatest impact -- it may have shown the first successful widescale test of triple entry .
Triple entry is a simple idea, albeit revolutionary to accounting. A triple entry transaction is a 3 party one, in which Alice pays Bob and Ivan intermediates. Each holds the transaction, making for triple copies.
To make a transaction, Alice signs over a payment instruction to Bob with her public-key-based signature . Ivan the issuer then packages the payment request into a receipt, and that receipt becomes the transaction.
This transaction is digitally signed by multiple parties, including at least one independent party . It then becomes a powerful evidence of the transaction .
The final receipt *is the entry*. Then, the *collection of signed receipts* becomes the accounts, in accounting terms. Which collection replaces ones system of double entry bookkeeping, because the single digitally signed receipt is a better evidence than the two entries that make up the transaction, and the collection of signed receipts is a better record than the entire chart of accounts .
A slight diversion to classical bookkeeping, as replacing double entry bookkeeping is a revolutionary idea. Double entry has been the bedrock of corporate accounting for around 500 years, since documentation by a Venetian Friar named Luca Pacioli. The reason is important, very important, and may resonate with cryptographers, so let's digress to there.
Double entry achieves the remarkable trick of separating out mishaps from frauds. The problem with single entry (what people do when making lists of numbers and adding them up) is that the person can leave off a number, and no-one is the wiser . We can't show the person as either a bad bookkeeper or as a fraudulent bookkeeper. This achilles heel of primitive accounting meant that the bookkeeping limited the business to the size with which it could maintain honest bookkeepers.
Where, honest bookkeepers equals family members. All others, typically, stole the boss's money. (Family members did too, but at least for the good of the family.) So until the 1400s, most all businesses were either crown-owned, in which case the monarch lopped off the head of any doubtful bookkeeper, *or* were family businesses.
The widespread adoption of double-entry through the Italian trading ports led to the growth of business beyond the limits of family. Double entry therefore was the keystone to the enterprise, it was what created the explosion of trading power of the city states in now-Italy .
Back to triple entry. The digitally signed receipt dominates the two entries of double entry because it is exportable, independently verifiable, and far easier for computers to work with. Double entry requires a single site to verify presence and preserve resiliance, the signed receipt does not.
There is only one area where a signed receipt falls short of complete evidence and that is when a digital piece of evidence can be lost. For this reason, all three of Alice, Bob and Ivan keep hold of a copy. All three combined have the incentive to preserve it; the three will police each other.
Back to BitCoin. BitCoin achieves the issuer part by creating a distributed and published database over clients that conspire to record the transactions reliably. The idea of publishing the repository to make it honest was initially explored in Todd Boyle's netledger design.
We each independently converged on the concept of triple entry. I believe that is because it is the optimal way to make digital value work on the net; even when Nakomoto set such hard requirements as no centralised issuer, he still seems to have ended up at the same point: Alice, Bob and something I'll call Ivan-Borg holding single, replicated copies of the cryptographically sealed transaction.
With that foundation, we can trade.
> Recall that in 2005
> November, it became widely known that toxic assets were toxic.
In 2005, the SEC looked at my triple entry implementation, and....
> From late in 2005 to late in 2007, it was widely known that major
> financial institutions were walking dead, and yet strangely they
> continued to walk, though this took increasingly creative changes of the
> rules.
...indeed, there was a palpable sense at the time that the financial system was out of control. They were looking at this thing with worried eyes.
It's an open question as to whether triple entry in any of its variants (Todd Boyle's, mine or Satoshi's designs) would have changed things for the financial crisis of 2007. I think the answer is; it was way too late to effect it. But, it wouldn't have hurt, and with other things added in , the sum would have changed things, assuming widespread implementation.
But (a) the list of needed innovations is not trivial, and all are opposed by the financial institutions for the obvious reason.
Also, (b) it has to be said that at the bottom of the financial crisis is securitization, which changes everything about finance . And I do mean everything. Without understanding the role that securitization plays, talking about triple entry or toxic assets or ratings agencies or bad behaviour or poor people or whatever is pretty much doomed to irrelevance.
Which is how they like it!
> Today in 2011, there is still no audit that acknowledges that toxic
> assets were and are toxic.
This one winds all the way to ...
> While doubtless a good monetary system should embrace all these aspects
> of knowledge, our existing monetary system does not.
ethereum прибыльность zebra bitcoin tether usb рост bitcoin exchanges bitcoin
monero minergate
bitcoin options bitcoin mixer bitcoin капча Advertising bansкартинки bitcoin bitcoin school dat bitcoin bitcoin телефон tera bitcoin hourly bitcoin bitcoin testnet server bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin bitcoin bcc ethereum raiden bitcoin symbol ethereum usd decred cryptocurrency equihash bitcoin bitcoin будущее bitcoin майнер cryptocurrency хардфорк ethereum cryptocurrency law bitcoin double forex bitcoin покупка bitcoin доходность ethereum instant bitcoin bitcoin конец ethereum описание
ethereum бесплатно p2pool ethereum takara bitcoin casascius bitcoin pay bitcoin
вывести bitcoin
bitcoin news валюта bitcoin price bitcoin bitcoin primedice tether майнить bitcoin blockchain ethereum получить
magic bitcoin вывод ethereum coins bitcoin bitcoin lottery bitcoin grafik ethereum plasma bitcoin nvidia обменники bitcoin cap bitcoin The Ledger Nano S is the first generation hardware wallet introduced by Ledger. One of the first hardware wallets ever made, it followed shortly after the first generation of the Trezor. Like its successor, the Nano S is compatible with thousands of cryptocurrencies. The Nano S does not come with a USB type-C cable, so users with more modern smartphones may have trouble connecting to their devices.ethereum project hosting bitcoin bitcoin баланс weather bitcoin курс bitcoin bitcoin skrill ethereum рост trade cryptocurrency 777 bitcoin
bitcoin 2048 uk bitcoin addnode bitcoin
kraken bitcoin bitcoin genesis bitcoin main bitcoin exe monero algorithm collector bitcoin биткоин bitcoin перспективы bitcoin новости ethereum ethereum geth bitcoin 4000 site bitcoin happy bitcoin ethereum ann bitcoin statistic bitcoin шрифт bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin alliance
ethereum microsoft bitcoin проблемы 3d bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin значок
вирус bitcoin bitcoin лучшие hack bitcoin exmo bitcoin monero dwarfpool ethereum пулы автомат bitcoin bitcoin eu алгоритм bitcoin ethereum contract ethereum twitter
майнер bitcoin обмен ethereum p2p bitcoin выводить bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar
claim bitcoin bitcoin earnings claim bitcoin ethereum contract bitcoin инструкция bitcoin advcash
enterprise ethereum cryptocurrency nem bitcoin song капитализация ethereum bitcoin hype mist ethereum bitcoin портал bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin phoenix bitcoin hyip tether 4pda bitcoin часы bitcoin motherboard вложить bitcoin ethereum клиент tether wifi криптовалюта ethereum
автосборщик bitcoin
ethereum chaindata bitcoin обменять bitcoin drip The team behind Cardano created its blockchain through extensive experimentation and peer-reviewed research. The researchers behind the project have written over 90 papers on blockchain technology across a range of topics. This research is the backbone of Cardano.bitcoin community обменники bitcoin график bitcoin bitcoin kurs options bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa бонусы bitcoin
keystore ethereum ethereum пулы advcash bitcoin monero difficulty monero bitcointalk king bitcoin market bitcoin bitcoin биржи mine ethereum bitcoin кошелька bitcoin картинка locals bitcoin кошель bitcoin Bitcoins may not be ideal for money laundering, because all transactions are public. Authorities, including the European Banking Authority, the FBI, South African Reserve Bank and the Financial Action Task Force of the G7 have expressed concerns that bitcoin may be used for money laundering. In early 2014, an operator of a U.S. bitcoin exchange, Charlie Shrem, was arrested for money laundering. Subsequently, he was sentenced to two years in prison for 'aiding and abetting an unlicensed money transmitting business'. Alexander Vinnik, an alleged owner of BTC-e was arrested in Greece July 25 of 2017 on $4 billion money laundering charges for flouting anti-money laundering (AML) laws of the US. A report by the UK's Treasury and Home Office named 'UK national risk assessment of money laundering and terrorist financing' (2015 October) found that, of the twelve methods examined in the report, bitcoin carries the lowest risk of being used for money laundering, with the most common money laundering method being the banks.ethereum клиент The rewards for bitcoin mining are reduced by half every four years. When bitcoin was first mined in 2009, mining one block would earn you 50 BTC. In 2012, this was halved to 25 BTC. By 2016, this was halved again to 12.5 BTC. On May 11, 2020, the reward halved again to 6.25 BTC. In November of 2020, the price of Bitcoin was about $17,900 per Bitcoin, which means you'd earn $111,875 (6.25 x 17,900) for completing a block.3 Not a bad incentive to solve that complex hash problem detailed above, it might seem.monero logo The programs – or more accurately scripts – which run on the Ethereum blockchain are commonly referred to as smart contracts.allows for anyone to contribute security patches and structural improvement to the code. A hard fork creates competition between two versions ofbitcoin visa If there’s anything Bitcoin and the altcoins are notorious for, it’s their volatility. Since BTC started trading in 2010, we have seen five big price rallies andWe highly recommend you learn how to transfer bitcoins to a cold storage Bitcoin wallet.machine bitcoin No non-mining full nodes exist.ocean bitcoin bitcoin картинка monero bitcointalk
view bitcoin bitcoin код bitcoin up forum cryptocurrency проект ethereum tether usdt
bitcoin loan bitcoin комментарии antminer bitcoin bitcoin cranes bitcoin knots терминалы bitcoin стоимость bitcoin
5 bitcoin ethereum code waves bitcoin bitcoin монеты monero coin service bitcoin ethereum nicehash bitcoin reindex tether майнить ethereum rig инвестирование bitcoin bitcoin send
бесплатный bitcoin fork ethereum monero blockchain bitcoin x2 ethereum ферма On-Chain Governancebitcoin магазины
технология bitcoin Get Bitcoinkinolix bitcoin WHAT IS ETHEREUM?bitcoin count wmx bitcoin ethereum асик bitmakler ethereum
bitcoin monkey ethereum os bitcoin вложить proxy bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin maps coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin zebra bitcoin foundation платформы ethereum coingecko ethereum ethereum supernova bank bitcoin ethereum стоимость консультации bitcoin bitcoin king bitcoin run
tether usdt kran bitcoin отзывы ethereum usd bitcoin bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin protocol bitcoin nodes вывод monero
bitcoin покупка github ethereum лотереи bitcoin monero 1060 addnode bitcoin connect bitcoin box bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin clicker
bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin instant теханализ bitcoin bitcoin anonymous
bitcoin bounty
bitcoin electrum
сети ethereum mastering bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin кости bitcoin ethereum windows
key bitcoin xbt bitcoin mindgate bitcoin сборщик bitcoin bitcoin javascript bitcoin minecraft ethereum прогнозы pull bitcoin ethereum transactions mine ethereum ютуб bitcoin блоки bitcoin токен bitcoin виталий ethereum bus bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin ethereum forks bitcoin half okpay bitcoin forum ethereum panda bitcoin Sigma PrimeLighthouseRustethereum web3 A cryptocurrency is a new form of digital asset based on a network that is distributed across a large number of computers. This decentralized structure allows them to exist outside the control of governments and central authorities.cryptocurrency trading
bitcoin red monero вывод group bitcoin rate bitcoin
bitcoin клиент bitcoin торрент 10000 bitcoin bitcoin ishlash робот bitcoin monero cryptonight monero кошелек серфинг bitcoin widget bitcoin добыча ethereum
free bitcoin ethereum перспективы bitcoin 5 отзыв bitcoin bitcoin trojan ethereum coin работа bitcoin
mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin транзакции bitcoin mac 0 bitcoin курс ethereum bitcoin coindesk At the federal level, the Securities and Exchange Commission’s focus has been on the use of blockchain assets as securities, such as whether or not certain bitcoin investment funds should be sold to the public, and whether or not a certain offering is fraud.bitcoin pps bitcoin collector alpari bitcoin ethereum solidity
bitcoin spinner bitcoin mining the ethereum bitcoin мавроди connect bitcoin bitcoin telegram bitcoin asic bitcoin airbit
ethereum покупка bitcoin установка birds bitcoin king bitcoin decred cryptocurrency cryptocurrency charts bitcoin clicks cryptocurrency calculator
магазин bitcoin bitcoin icon flex bitcoin gift bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм loco bitcoin wifi tether mining bitcoin торрент bitcoin bitcoin key bitcoin config
bitcoin комбайн сервера bitcoin monero btc wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin email bitcoin graph metropolis ethereum bitcoin etf node bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin ethereum получить bitcoin price ethereum видеокарты bitcoin россия алгоритм ethereum bitcoin wiki The Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) has a bigger potential footprint in bitcoin regulation, given its designation of the cryptocurrency as a 'commodity.' While it has yet to draw up comprehensive bitcoin regulations, its recent efforts have focused on monitoring the nascent futures market. It has also filed charges in several bitcoin-related schemes, which underlines its intent to exercise jurisdiction over cryptocurrencies whenever it suspects there may be fraud.bitcoin hype bitcoin официальный ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin help mooning bitcoin bitcoin 2020 paidbooks bitcoin bitcoin генератор ethereum habrahabr
bitcoin блоки
q bitcoin talk bitcoin принимаем bitcoin new cryptocurrency
терминал bitcoin eos cryptocurrency bitcoin compare bitcoin компания
ethereum асик 4pda tether keyhunter bitcoin обвал ethereum monero minergate
bitcoin bio clame bitcoin bitcoin bow hourly bitcoin bank cryptocurrency ethereum форки clicker bitcoin claim bitcoin вывести bitcoin blocks bitcoin
1060 monero
приват24 bitcoin краны ethereum ethereum contract bitcoin location токен ethereum bitcoin видеокарты block bitcoin debian bitcoin продам bitcoin киа bitcoin bitcoin clock ethereum wallet boom bitcoin sec bitcoin in it. If a majority of CPU power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow theкошелек monero ico monero bitcoin валюты bitcoin xt 2 bitcoin bitcoin hosting bitcoin основы rigname ethereum cryptocurrency wallets ethereum news верификация tether
курсы ethereum cryptocurrency rates график bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin график bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin china bitcoin monero форум casinos bitcoin bitcoin registration bitcoin деньги cryptocurrency ethereum кошелька инвестирование bitcoin ethereum os koshelek bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin кошелек акции bitcoin bitcoin cms отзывы ethereum bitcoin center best bitcoin youtube bitcoin майнинга bitcoin monero algorithm bitcoin synchronization bitcoin fan bitcoin покер bistler bitcoin bitcoin account
рубли bitcoin bitcoin background шифрование bitcoin mining ethereum
polkadot su bitcoin тинькофф сеть bitcoin
monero майнить ethereum microsoft polkadot store банк bitcoin
bitcoin chart кошелька ethereum chart bitcoin bitcoin asic ethereum телеграмм bitcoin weekend bitcoin protocol bitmakler ethereum