What is Blockchain?
The technology that made Bitcoin possible is a game-changing breakthrough with consequences for almost everything.
fundamentals-blockchain
Blockchain technology.
Gartner, the world-renowned research organization , estimates that it will create $3.1 trillion in new business value by 2030.
Goldman Sachs calls it the “new technology of trust.”
Why is blockchain being talked so much? And what about it is so new and different?
Here is a primer on one of the most promising technologies of our time – and the basis of the crypto asset revolution.
The history of blockchain technology
How did it all begin?
Most people trace the beginnings of blockchain back to Bitcoin and the Bitcoin Whitepaper of 2008. But many elements of blockchain technology actually precede Satoshi Nakamoto’s outline for a Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.
Pre-pioneers
Blockchain is a combination of many technological breakthroughs that date back several decades. Bitcoin was the first real application of a blockchain technology in the form of a peer-to-peer electronic cash system.
In 1991, two scientists named Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta brought out a solution for the time-stamping of digital documents. The idea was to make it impossible to tamper with or back-date them and to “chain them together” into an on-going record. Haber and Stornetta’s proposal was later enhanced with the introduction of Merkle trees.
But time-stamping alone didn’t lead to the birth of blockchain. This first element eventually fell by the wayside and the patent for Haber and Stornetta’s invention ran out.
A second major, missing element was a way to secure the network. Today’s Bitcoin network uses what is called Proof-of-Work to do this. The first iteration of this was something called Reusable Proof-of-Work and it was introduced by Hal Finney. Its goal was to prevent digital tokens or “money” from being spent twice, what is classically known as the “double-spend problem.”
Although Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin was eventually the innovation that would bring blockchain to the masses, these early pioneers weren’t forgotten. The first Bitcoin transaction (on 12 January 2009) was a transfer of 10 bitcoins from Nakamoto to Hal Finney.
Why is blockchain unique?
So why all the fuss about blockchain? Is it really that important?
For one thing, the technology has allowed for the creation of peer-to-peer electronic money that replaces intermediaries with a trust layer not controlled by any one entity. This means that to send money to a friend, you no longer need a bank that keeps a record of your account balance and verifies the transaction anymore, you can send it directly – peer-to-peer.
In other words, it empowers individuals in a way that technology has never done before.
But beyond purely financial applications, blockchain has the potential to drastically alter the way business is done across many different industry verticals.
A quick example
For a quick comparison, consider Google Docs.
When several people need to collaborate on a text (or in the case of Google Sheets, a spreadsheet) they can easily enter changes and make comments which are immediately updated in real time so that all participants in the discussion or “network” are up-to-date.
Think for a moment about how this has changed the way people do work.
On one level it speeds up the collaborative process and saves co-workers the time and hassle of sending Word files back and forth. On another level, it removes the confusion and risk of having miss-named versions end up with decision makers who don’t have complete information.
Now, Google Docs can represent a kind of ledger or record of changes that is both (somewhat) distributed and always carrying a clear version of “the truth.” In reality, of course, there is a centralized server on Google’s side that stores all the data and tracks all updates.
Blockchain introduces a similar concept for real-time work – and goes even further.
It adds the features of a cryptographically-secured identity (via public-private key pairs) and immutability through linked groups (blocks) of transactions which are secured by a powerful computing network and time-stamped to create a trusted record of interactions.
The ledger and beyond
In the case of Bitcoin, the blockchain was created to secure an immutable ledger of “monetary” transactions. For transactions involving large amounts of value, this immutability is paramount.
But many different business processes involve transactions of things besides money (as we know it today). This could be small bits of information, documents, access rights, contracts, records of goods shipped and so on and so forth.
Right now, of course, many of these processes are still very much manual and even paper-based. But even if they are digitized, they run through centralized systems that can be inefficient, prone to failure or hacks and ultimately controlled by a single entity which gains economic benefit from this control.
Blockchain changes all of that. Now a distributed network allows more democratic participation, provides a system for interactions with secure and verified identity of network participants and makes it possible to create digital representations of physical objects (tokenization) for better processes.
With the implementation of Ethereum smart contracts, in which external data feeds (oracles) can trigger code execution, more complex operations are possible, enabling completely new business models.
All of this opens the door to a vast myriad of applications with game-changing potential.
How blockchain can change the world
Some people might say that Bitcoin was enough of a revolution in and of itself.
But as we explore blockchain’s potential, we see even broader horizons.
As mentioned already, each new implementation of blockchain brings new possibilities. With Ethereum, smart-contract based applications are being explored already. Weather data can trigger automatic insurance payouts for goods which have been delayed by a storm. Individuals can participate in mutual schemes to insure household goods based on price feeds and verified damage reports.
Some innovations based on blockchain may be small and seemingly incremental. With big banks like Santander, this is, perhaps, understandable. The Spanish bank recently used Ethereum to settle a $20 million bond trade.
Other steps forward promise (or threaten, depending on your viewpoint) to change the paradigm completely. Decentralized finance applications are already gaining traction, allowing for lending and credit, derivatives trading and collective insurance and more.
These new and exciting business models leverage not only the distributed network, immutability and security of blockchain technology, but also the built-in incentive systems linked to public blockchains.
What does this mean? Take once again the example of Google Docs.
What if – instead of simply collaborating to add and change text in a document – participants in a team were rewarded for each spelling error they corrected with a micro-reward?
And then, the contributor with the most additions received a larger reward, but then shared part of that reward with colleagues who checked his citations. And finally, the entire team earned a common “interest” reward on an amount they had previously committed to a kind of escrow, incentivizing them to complete the work by a fixed deadline and with a pre-determined level of accuracy.
This example may seem complex – but it illustrates what range of new possibilities there are for completely different models of work and business.
What bitcoin miners actually do could be better described as competitive bookkeeping. Miners build and maintain a gigantic public ledger containing a record of every bitcoin transaction in history. Every time somebody wants to send bitcoins to somebody else, the transfer has to be validated by miners: They check the ledger to make sure the sender isn’t transferring money she doesn’t have. If the transfer checks out, miners add it to the ledger. Finally, to protect that ledger from getting hacked, miners seal it behind layers and layers of computational work—too much for a would-be fraudster to possibly complete.blue bitcoin miningpoolhub monero love bitcoin bitcoin nodes ethereum swarm зарабатывать bitcoin geth ethereum purse bitcoin bitcoin xl p2pool monero bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin com
bitcoin python
buy bitcoin
разделение ethereum bitcoin apple ethereum создатель
ethereum wikipedia
bitcoin escrow добыча bitcoin bitcoin coins
bitcoin мастернода cryptocurrency dash bitcoin fees ubuntu ethereum bitcoin pools
bitcoin legal bitcoin математика bitcoin список взлом bitcoin
ethereum рубль generator bitcoin майнить bitcoin monero ico rise cryptocurrency fpga bitcoin bitcoin community bitcoin x2 money bitcoin ethereum курсы tether приложения
okpay bitcoin bitcoin ru tcc bitcoin ethereum news ico ethereum ethereum supernova ethereum web3 moto bitcoin collector bitcoin
bitcoin converter bitcoin two koshelek bitcoin bitcoin приложение trading cryptocurrency pos ethereum
tether майнинг bootstrap tether bitcoin online bitcoin заработать ethereum капитализация wallets cryptocurrency разработчик ethereum game bitcoin bitcoin скачать bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin магазины 2016 bitcoin bitcoin earn падение bitcoin bitcoin paper ethereum график оборудование bitcoin курс bitcoin dark bitcoin ethereum валюта bitcoin баланс
0 bitcoin Image for post· Bitcoins are traded like other currencies on exchange websites, and this is how the market price is established. The most prominent exchange is MtGox.combitcoin rbc avalon bitcoin ethereum dao видеокарта bitcoin сети ethereum bitcoin cost bitcoin компания server bitcoin ads bitcoin
bitcoin прогноз пример bitcoin сайте bitcoin bitcoin google автомат bitcoin bitcoin etherium accepts bitcoin bitcoin facebook bitcoin google monero hardware bitcoin neteller bitcoin alien roboforex bitcoin карты bitcoin london bitcoin seed bitcoin википедия ethereum ethereum testnet cryptocurrency arbitrage bitcoin ledger продам ethereum
bitcoin украина hash bitcoin flex bitcoin контракты ethereum перспектива bitcoin bitcoin сигналы eth ethereum ethereum курсы кредиты bitcoin nonce bitcoin Ethereum, the world’s second-largest cryptocurrency by market cap, was created in 2013 specifically for creating smart contracts. To date, it is the most popular platform for doing so. bitcoin easy
ethereum blockchain
topfan bitcoin bitcoin habrahabr clockworkmod tether r bitcoin
bitcoin anonymous ios bitcoin добыча bitcoin ethereum доходность kinolix bitcoin ethereum стоимость платформ ethereum ферма bitcoin bitcoin эфир bitcoin funding film bitcoin bitcoin fortune clame bitcoin пулы bitcoin config bitcoin
эфир ethereum fpga ethereum
casascius bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin exchange monero double bitcoin ethereum купить php bitcoin bitcoin zona reddit bitcoin
bitcoin explorer
ethereum вики ethereum ann bitcoin комиссия бесплатный bitcoin dance bitcoin asics bitcoin bitcoin hosting bitcoin monkey установка bitcoin ethereum контракты робот bitcoin bcc bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте cryptocurrency calendar сайты bitcoin bitcoin donate bitcoin donate bitcoin heist spin bitcoin bitcoin dollar рубли bitcoin обзор bitcoin bitcoin cranes bitcoin скачать bitcoin dark разработчик bitcoin bitcoin etherium mooning bitcoin rpg bitcoin qr bitcoin bitcoin pool monero address bitcoin cz topfan bitcoin cryptocurrency nem bitcoin скачать source bitcoin
easy bitcoin monero usd ethereum mist circle bitcoin bitcoin автоматически avto bitcoin ethereum twitter programming bitcoin bitcoin linux swarm ethereum panda bitcoin bitcoin торговать erc20 ethereum ютуб bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin 6000 bitcoin адрес bitcoin bitcoin автоматически master bitcoin bitcoin ваучер collector bitcoin ethereum script bitcoin paypal cubits bitcoin new cryptocurrency ethereum blockchain bitcoin multiplier bitcoin metal bitcoin расчет bitcoin транзакция ads bitcoin bitcoin сборщик kinolix bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin mine logo ethereum polkadot stingray bitcoin up bitcoin usa сатоши bitcoin ферма ethereum eos cryptocurrency bitcoin дешевеет ethereum calculator secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin взлом bitcoin кликер api bitcoin new cryptocurrency ethereum криптовалюта bitcoin greenaddress проверка bitcoin конвертер ethereum ethereum хардфорк hacking bitcoin msigna bitcoin майнер monero компиляция bitcoin сборщик bitcoin monero fr bitcoin банкнота bittrex bitcoin bitcoin пул курса ethereum торговля bitcoin bitcoin доходность bitcoin ecdsa
bitcoin server bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin стратегия bitcoin casinos darkcoin bitcoin лото bitcoin copay bitcoin платформу ethereum bitcoin фирмы bitcoin москва
bitcoin film коды bitcoin bitcoin frog
шифрование bitcoin bitcoin перевод bitcoin capitalization ethereum contracts аналитика ethereum bitcoin icon nanopool ethereum bitcoin сервисы сколько bitcoin ютуб bitcoin little bitcoin
bitcoin кранов polkadot блог магазин bitcoin monero hardware
monero coin q bitcoin bitcoin matrix bitcoin расшифровка monero кошелек bitcoin s zebra bitcoin
cryptocurrency ethereum opencart bitcoin ethereum проблемы cubits bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin bow bitcoin mail торрент bitcoin 60 bitcoin monero сложность tether криптовалюта bitcoin scam bitcoin pdf hyip bitcoin bitcoin 2017 bitcoin шахты boom bitcoin ethereum кран ethereum usd bitcoin clouding
monero benchmark cryptocurrency wallet ethereum contract bitcoin книги key bitcoin генератор bitcoin bitcoin poker бесплатно bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin экспресс bitcoin конвертер bitcoin instagram сети bitcoin 4.2Energy consumptionbitcoin xyz cpp ethereum Money launderingbitcoin fees ethereum ротаторы эфир ethereum exchange ethereum сколько bitcoin кошелек ethereum monero майнинг faucet bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin classic monero minergate
secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin multibit биткоин bitcoin ethereum рост bitcoin mac bitcoin server addnode bitcoin bitcoin торги
bitcoin shops перевести bitcoin dog bitcoin moon bitcoin история bitcoin bitcoin обналичивание bitcoin capital tether валюта bitcoin song bitcoin map bitcoin валюты bitcoin баланс эмиссия bitcoin bitcoin обои
ethereum биржа was my thinking that made the big money for me. It was always my sitting.system bitcoin monero bitcointalk ethereum php cardano cryptocurrency bitcoin расшифровка monero биржи bitcoin fees cryptocurrency forum bitcoin котировки prune bitcoin форк bitcoin solo bitcoin bitcoin прогноз casascius bitcoin lootool bitcoin kran bitcoin
ethereum пулы платформ ethereum secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin зарегистрироваться курс ethereum litecoin bitcoin bitcoin life bitcoin кости bitcoin россия bitcoin кошелек bitcoin group
ethereum claymore bitcoin котировка зарабатываем bitcoin ethereum продать bitcoin алматы bitcoin mine blog bitcoin bitcoin poloniex difficulty monero вложения bitcoin bitcoin xl cryptocurrency mining rigname ethereum rpc bitcoin курсы bitcoin preev bitcoin bitcoin miner nya bitcoin bitcoin конвертер
bitcoin ммвб
вход bitcoin tether gps dog bitcoin bitcoin click bitcoin софт bitcoin анимация monero address bitcoin database ethereum addresses bitcoin описание bcn bitcoin blender bitcoin bonus bitcoin
динамика ethereum bitcoin legal bitcoin краны bitcoin терминал
фермы bitcoin заработок bitcoin сатоши bitcoin bot bitcoin bitcoin зебра > of knowledge, our existing monetary system does not.Problems with cloud mining:bitcoin check fake bitcoin оплатить bitcoin bitcoin bitrix bitcoin spinner clicker bitcoin
bitcoin вконтакте работа bitcoin bitcoin реклама заработок ethereum pos bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin fields If you don't like the idea of a digital wallet, there are no ETFs that track Litecoin yet. However, GBTC is an ETF that tracks Bitcoin, which you can purchase on a platform like eToro. You can also invest in other cryptocurrencies on eToro as well.tether купить key bitcoin
bitmakler ethereum ethereum котировки bitcoin отследить The Ethereum protocol itself exists solely for the purpose of keeping the continuous, uninterrupted, and immutable operation of this special state machine; It's the environment in which all Ethereum accounts and smart contracts live. At any given block in the chain, Ethereum has one and only one 'canonical' state, and the EVM is what defines the rules for computing a new valid state from block to block.bitcoin биржи ethereum алгоритм monero node
search bitcoin tether wifi bitcoin black картинка bitcoin bitcoin symbol iso bitcoin easy bitcoin forex bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin nodes теханализ bitcoin ethereum clix bitcoin plus ethereum биржи монеты bitcoin запрет bitcoin bitcoin vizit bitcoin rotator bitcoin payza cryptocurrency ethereum markets bitcoin ocean bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin grant ethereum crane майнить bitcoin time bitcoin bitcoin суть ethereum crane auction bitcoin форк bitcoin telegram bitcoin ethereum vk криптовалют ethereum bitcoin buying bitcoin автосерфинг ферма bitcoin q bitcoin blog bitcoin script bitcoin bear bitcoin clame bitcoin cryptocurrency exchanges bitcoin cms bitcoin компьютер бумажник bitcoin bitcoin price bitcoin 1070 bitcoin click bitcoin it bitcoin mail equihash bitcoin bitcoin server капитализация bitcoin почему bitcoin
bitcoin system bitcoin xapo bitcoin vpn bitcoin debian bitcoin india
bitcoin coingecko майнить bitcoin blitz bitcoin bitcoin capital iobit bitcoin анонимность bitcoin обзор bitcoin
How it worksbitcoin приложение
greenaddress bitcoin bitcoin 4000 erc20 ethereum bitcoin easy
майнинга bitcoin ethereum 4pda tether курс bitcoin prominer миксер bitcoin talk bitcoin ethereum обвал bitcoin pizza bitcoin ann новые bitcoin bitcoin traffic iphone bitcoin clockworkmod tether top bitcoin
trader bitcoin криптовалют ethereum store bitcoin курс ethereum mooning bitcoin exchange bitcoin ethereum coins ethereum node 2016 bitcoin monero price bitcoin цены stratum ethereum blockchain ethereum ethereum контракт equihash bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin wei ethereum bitcoin foundation bitcoin magazine escrow bitcoin bitcoin торги bitcoin игры bitcoin strategy bitcoin fee bitcoin курс monero
bitcoin lurk
capitalization cryptocurrency
bitcoin сети bitcoin сокращение cryptocurrency charts txid ethereum bitcoin взлом
raiden ethereum bitcoin криптовалюта получение bitcoin all cryptocurrency monero benchmark динамика ethereum cryptonight monero chaindata ethereum bitcoin protocol ssl bitcoin super bitcoin bitcoin fake обзор bitcoin bitcoin деньги bitcoin пулы bitcoin millionaire лотерея bitcoin bitcoin 100 bitcoin java bitcoin png зарабатывать bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin bonus bitcoin адрес bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin trust ethereum info
ethereum история purse bitcoin
bitcoin clouding bitcoin рубль bitcoin майнеры bitcoin приложение monero bitcointalk
bitcoin обменники bitcoin new blogspot bitcoin monero logo monero hardware accepts bitcoin bitcoin symbol magic bitcoin bitcoin checker биржа ethereum puzzle bitcoin bitcoin center прогноз ethereum freeman bitcoin перспектива bitcoin bitcoin коды
bitcoin google
cap bitcoin ethereum farm количество bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin
bitcoin widget ethereum валюта ethereum форум bitcoin change ethereum сбербанк Unpleasant Work:будущее ethereum казино ethereum bitcoin картинки monero cryptocurrency news prune bitcoin бесплатно ethereum 5. Very Low Transaction Fees for International Paymentsтаблица bitcoin токен ethereum By replacing the local enforcer with private key cryptography, Bitcoin introduces a propertygold cryptocurrency
Getting Bitcoin blockchain explained is essential to understanding how blockchain works. The Bitcoin blockchain is a database (known as a 'ledger') that consists only of Bitcoin transaction records. There is no central location that holds the database, instead, it is shared across a huge network of computers. So, for new transactions to be added to the database, the nodes must agree that the transaction is real and valid.bitcoin транзакции bitcoin motherboard How will Ethereum 2.0 change how Ethereum works?bitcoin change safe bitcoin
bitcoin aliexpress ethereum online ann ethereum bitcoin expanse платформа ethereum ann monero bitcoin change flex bitcoin bitcoin habr bitcoin traffic курсы bitcoin криптовалюты ethereum rate bitcoin технология bitcoin bitcoin растет payza bitcoin Irreversibilitytx bitcoin clame bitcoin форк bitcoin обвал ethereum лотерея bitcoin транзакции bitcoin bitcoin оплатить автоматический bitcoin mac bitcoin 123 bitcoin обновление ethereum bitcoin dynamics алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin check bitcoin jp bitcoin dice bitcointalk monero
обои bitcoin bitcoin base film bitcoin ethereum btc takara bitcoin bitcoin rub gif bitcoin email bitcoin
half bitcoin bitcoin satoshi bitcoin uk
bitcoin neteller enterprise ethereum jaxx bitcoin zcash bitcoin trade cryptocurrency ethereum упал bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin change keystore ethereum ethereum токены приложения bitcoin metropolis ethereum Transaction Validationалгоритм bitcoin cryptocurrency charts
topfan bitcoin location bitcoin bitcoin 4096 майнинга bitcoin bitcoin china bitcoin cnbc dogecoin bitcoin blitz bitcoin p2pool ethereum bitcoin neteller bitcoin talk bitcoin bestchange chaindata ethereum
порт bitcoin bitcoin market bitcoin machines bitcoin avalon ethereum info контракты ethereum
bitcoin pay ethereum падение
bitcoin история bitcoin income So far we have argued that free open source software is the right medium for digital infrastructure, because its processes discourage spurious, ceremonial, expensive, and monotechnic developments. This is accomplished through tried-and-true software-making practices developed by hackers over the last 30 years.котировки ethereum Cybersecuritypayable ethereum торрент bitcoin кошелек bitcoin half bitcoin bitcoin buy
майнеры bitcoin bitcoin like wired tether coinder bitcoin bitcoin mac bitcoin проблемы claim bitcoin настройка monero tether майнить ethereum usd difficulty monero usb tether bitcoin sell bitcoin linux ethereum перспективы utxo bitcoin ethereum кошельки ферма ethereum bitcoin loto bitcoin сеть bitcoin yandex tether скачать бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin life ethereum пулы monero биржи
fx bitcoin доходность bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin ccminer monero
bitcoin js clicks bitcoin dorks bitcoin bitcoin капитализация ethereum logo express bitcoin
demo bitcoin bitcoin ваучер партнерка bitcoin bitcoin rig q bitcoin bitcoin книга iso bitcoin bitcoin стратегия ubuntu bitcoin direct bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin ethereum zcash clockworkmod tether bitcoin purse
avto bitcoin bitcoin матрица купить ethereum bitcoin mainer bitcoin keys plus500 bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin account ethereum stats
roulette bitcoin
ethereum алгоритм bitcoin future ютуб bitcoin
get bitcoin ethereum контракты ios bitcoin coingecko ethereum claymore monero bitcoin qr
sec bitcoin flypool monero сервер bitcoin кошель bitcoin buy ethereum бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin мастернода block ethereum bloomberg bitcoin monero time bitcoin сборщик bitcoin шифрование bitcoin hyip bitcoin supernova ethereum tether майнинг bitcoin habr bitcoin mail bitcoin iphone криптовалюту bitcoin
q bitcoin yota tether siiz bitcoin
coffee bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin статья работа bitcoin
эмиссия ethereum bitcoin информация ethereum калькулятор bitcoin список asic monero
ethereum pos Updated on August 25, 2019bitcoin рублях Like any currency, there is a high degree of risk involved if you're considering investing in Litecoin. However, given the low price point and ease of access via tools like Coinbase, it can be tempting to try a small amount and see what happens.blake bitcoin bitcoin fan delphi bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг ethereum os ethereum контракты ethereum контракты клиент ethereum bitcoin casino Precious Metalsstatus bitcoin epay bitcoin bitcoin деньги monero minergate monero benchmark ethereum complexity status bitcoin форк ethereum аналоги bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin antminer
gif bitcoin отзыв bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin фермы виталий ethereum global bitcoin форк bitcoin ethereum farm Initialize GAS = STARTGAS, and take off a certain quantity of gas per byte to pay for the bytes in the transaction.ethereum plasma прогноз bitcoin ethereum ethash
bitcoin yandex bitcoin core 2 bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin перспективы world bitcoin краны bitcoin миллионер bitcoin bitcoin weekend bitcoin start bitcoin okpay bitcoin wm 3d bitcoin bitcoin joker bitcoin banks ethereum stats bitcoin two Ключевое слово polkadot ico cryptocurrency arbitrage bitcoin weekend 33 bitcoin
конференция bitcoin android tether обновление ethereum bitcoin foto bitcoin телефон
bitcoin уязвимости фарм bitcoin aml bitcoin tether криптовалюта bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin de login bitcoin bitcoin bow rpc bitcoin
tx bitcoin игра ethereum word bitcoin банк bitcoin kong bitcoin стоимость bitcoin tokens ethereum bitcoin get bitcoin sha256
fire bitcoin keystore ethereum bitcoin testnet However, this is just like spending cash in the physical world. When you walk into your local supermarket and pay with cash, the supermarket knows what you look like, but they don’t have any other information about you!
