IS BITCOIN A TRIPLE ENTRY SYSTEM?
On 13/06/11 12:56 PM, James A. Donald wrote:
> On 2011-06-12 8:57 AM, Ian G wrote:
> > I wrote a paper about John Levine's observation of low knowledge, way
> > back in 2000, called "Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers." The sort of
> > unstated thesis of this paper was that in order to understand this area
> > you had to become very multi-discipline, you had to understand up to 7
> > general areas. And that made it very hard, because most of the digital
> > cash startups lacked some of the disciplines.
>
> One of the layers you mention is accounting.
Yes, so back to crypto, or at least financial cryptography.
The accounting layer in a money system implemented in financial cryptography is responsible for reliably holding and reporting the numbers for every transaction and producing an overall balance sheet of an issue.
It is in this that BitCoin may have its greatest impact -- it may have shown the first successful widescale test of triple entry .
Triple entry is a simple idea, albeit revolutionary to accounting. A triple entry transaction is a 3 party one, in which Alice pays Bob and Ivan intermediates. Each holds the transaction, making for triple copies.
To make a transaction, Alice signs over a payment instruction to Bob with her public-key-based signature . Ivan the issuer then packages the payment request into a receipt, and that receipt becomes the transaction.
This transaction is digitally signed by multiple parties, including at least one independent party . It then becomes a powerful evidence of the transaction .
The final receipt *is the entry*. Then, the *collection of signed receipts* becomes the accounts, in accounting terms. Which collection replaces ones system of double entry bookkeeping, because the single digitally signed receipt is a better evidence than the two entries that make up the transaction, and the collection of signed receipts is a better record than the entire chart of accounts .
A slight diversion to classical bookkeeping, as replacing double entry bookkeeping is a revolutionary idea. Double entry has been the bedrock of corporate accounting for around 500 years, since documentation by a Venetian Friar named Luca Pacioli. The reason is important, very important, and may resonate with cryptographers, so let's digress to there.
Double entry achieves the remarkable trick of separating out mishaps from frauds. The problem with single entry (what people do when making lists of numbers and adding them up) is that the person can leave off a number, and no-one is the wiser . We can't show the person as either a bad bookkeeper or as a fraudulent bookkeeper. This achilles heel of primitive accounting meant that the bookkeeping limited the business to the size with which it could maintain honest bookkeepers.
Where, honest bookkeepers equals family members. All others, typically, stole the boss's money. (Family members did too, but at least for the good of the family.) So until the 1400s, most all businesses were either crown-owned, in which case the monarch lopped off the head of any doubtful bookkeeper, *or* were family businesses.
The widespread adoption of double-entry through the Italian trading ports led to the growth of business beyond the limits of family. Double entry therefore was the keystone to the enterprise, it was what created the explosion of trading power of the city states in now-Italy .
Back to triple entry. The digitally signed receipt dominates the two entries of double entry because it is exportable, independently verifiable, and far easier for computers to work with. Double entry requires a single site to verify presence and preserve resiliance, the signed receipt does not.
There is only one area where a signed receipt falls short of complete evidence and that is when a digital piece of evidence can be lost. For this reason, all three of Alice, Bob and Ivan keep hold of a copy. All three combined have the incentive to preserve it; the three will police each other.
Back to BitCoin. BitCoin achieves the issuer part by creating a distributed and published database over clients that conspire to record the transactions reliably. The idea of publishing the repository to make it honest was initially explored in Todd Boyle's netledger design.
We each independently converged on the concept of triple entry. I believe that is because it is the optimal way to make digital value work on the net; even when Nakomoto set such hard requirements as no centralised issuer, he still seems to have ended up at the same point: Alice, Bob and something I'll call Ivan-Borg holding single, replicated copies of the cryptographically sealed transaction.
With that foundation, we can trade.
> Recall that in 2005
> November, it became widely known that toxic assets were toxic.
In 2005, the SEC looked at my triple entry implementation, and....
> From late in 2005 to late in 2007, it was widely known that major
> financial institutions were walking dead, and yet strangely they
> continued to walk, though this took increasingly creative changes of the
> rules.
...indeed, there was a palpable sense at the time that the financial system was out of control. They were looking at this thing with worried eyes.
It's an open question as to whether triple entry in any of its variants (Todd Boyle's, mine or Satoshi's designs) would have changed things for the financial crisis of 2007. I think the answer is; it was way too late to effect it. But, it wouldn't have hurt, and with other things added in , the sum would have changed things, assuming widespread implementation.
But (a) the list of needed innovations is not trivial, and all are opposed by the financial institutions for the obvious reason.
Also, (b) it has to be said that at the bottom of the financial crisis is securitization, which changes everything about finance . And I do mean everything. Without understanding the role that securitization plays, talking about triple entry or toxic assets or ratings agencies or bad behaviour or poor people or whatever is pretty much doomed to irrelevance.
Which is how they like it!
> Today in 2011, there is still no audit that acknowledges that toxic
> assets were and are toxic.
This one winds all the way to ...
> While doubtless a good monetary system should embrace all these aspects
> of knowledge, our existing monetary system does not.
doubler bitcoin gain bitcoin bitcoin crash
bitcoin play
bitcoin халява loco bitcoin ethereum ethash
bitcoin count nanopool monero bitcoin scripting ethereum rig ethereum обменники bitcoin bow ethereum pool
кошель bitcoin брокеры bitcoin
bitcoin конвертер bitcoin pay
рулетка bitcoin field bitcoin sec bitcoin кран monero total cryptocurrency monero cryptonote bitcoin rigs bitcoin монет майнеры monero bitcoin telegram bonus bitcoin bitcoin компьютер ethereum com bitcoin кошелька bitcoin инвестиции
chvrches tether ethereum wallet monero hardware aml bitcoin
bitcoin market бумажник bitcoin проблемы bitcoin bitcoin сеть скачать tether miningpoolhub ethereum carding bitcoin сети bitcoin ethereum логотип bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin widget ethereum wallet bitcoin википедия bitcoin биткоин
bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin ann bitcoin торги alipay bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin talk bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin rbc bitcoin разделился платформу ethereum
часы bitcoin bitcoin 99
usdt tether ethereum виталий
bitcoin grafik bitcoin node монета ethereum торги bitcoin bitcoin майнить создатель ethereum bitcoin clicker ethereum транзакции little bitcoin ethereum org trezor ethereum gps tether баланс bitcoin cryptocurrency charts byzantium ethereum cryptonight monero abi ethereum bitcoin блокчейн вывести bitcoin carding bitcoin erc20 ethereum bitcoin etherium monero minergate bitcoin s genesis bitcoin bitcoin рубль
ethereum blockchain
bitcoin koshelek bitcoin armory 0 bitcoin bitcoin it bitcoin now bitcoin bcc bitcoin проект ethereum упал bitcoin funding 16 bitcoin ethereum faucet cryptocurrency wallet ethereum монета сокращение bitcoin ethereum gas автомат bitcoin bitcoin service bitcoin links перевод tether
bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin комиссия
разработчик ethereum kupit bitcoin скрипт bitcoin bitcoin конверт bitcoin center bitcoin приложения bitcoin create кредиты bitcoin bitcoin otc rate bitcoin работа bitcoin обменники bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin анонимность ethereum price статистика ethereum p2pool ethereum bestexchange bitcoin monero minergate bitcoin халява автомат bitcoin forex bitcoin make bitcoin
bitcoin bloomberg ethereum картинки bitcoin магазины cryptocurrency price bitcoin котировка сложность ethereum 3 bitcoin alpari bitcoin
автокран bitcoin сложность monero ethereum добыча bitcoin blocks bitcoin bcc data bitcoin bitcoin changer bitcoin заработок monero вывод ethereum cryptocurrency programming bitcoin сети bitcoin
bitcoin сервисы консультации bitcoin
bitcoin carding bitcoin зебра ethereum online steam bitcoin bitcoin hacker bitcoin in bitcoin автокран котировка bitcoin android tether bitcoin 4000 ethereum 1070 monero logo bitcoin word gps tether dat bitcoin wordpress bitcoin service bitcoin bitcoin biz инвестирование bitcoin all cryptocurrency разработчик ethereum шрифт bitcoin bitcoin анимация bitcoin mine 1080 ethereum bitcoin local bitcoin stellar bitcoin casascius
bitcoin tm rx580 monero ethereum decred торрент bitcoin hash bitcoin ru bitcoin
cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin оборудование monero benchmark
monero pools bitcoin автосерфинг blender bitcoin bitcoin loans bitcoin значок market bitcoin краны bitcoin bitcoin продажа bitcoin вирус bitcoin 4000 bitcoin открыть сети ethereum bitcoin матрица cranes bitcoin monero обменник пополнить bitcoin bitcoin x cryptocurrency analytics
bitcoin token
bitcoin euro bag bitcoin bitcoin investment monero сложность ann bitcoin bitcoin passphrase cryptocurrency gold bitcoin матрица usdt tether tor bitcoin ферма ethereum сложность bitcoin ethereum charts bitcoin price bitcoin разделился 10 bitcoin теханализ bitcoin криптовалюту monero
монета bitcoin bitcoin poloniex
bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin history ethereum rig
ethereum os валюта tether konvert bitcoin bitcoin cz курс ethereum bitcoin roulette moto bitcoin
bitcoin рухнул laundering bitcoin bitcoin system bazar bitcoin bitcoin pps hyip bitcoin bitcoin koshelek plasma ethereum верификация tether bitcoin mining bitcoin local bitcoin pay create bitcoin
математика bitcoin bitcoin форекс Worse, pessimists would likely argue that the hype surrounding bitcoin and digital currencies as a revolutionary new form of currency has so far proven to be dramatically exaggerated. A decade after it was first introduced, bitcoin has not yet supplanted any fiat currency, and it remains difficult for people in most parts of the world to conduct daily business with any digital currency.token bitcoin bitcoin оборудование дешевеет bitcoin математика bitcoin system bitcoin динамика bitcoin ethereum habrahabr 'All that said, I do believe it accurate to say that conventional encryption does embed a tendency to empower ordinary people. Encryption directly supports freedom of speech. It doesn’t require expensive or difficult-to-obtain resources. It’s enabled by a thing that’s easily shared. An individual can refrain from using backdoored systems. Even the customary language for talking about encryption suggests a worldview in which ordinary people—the world’s Alices and Bobs—are to be afforded the opportunity of private discourse. And coming at it from the other direction, one has to work to embed encryption within an architecture that props up power, and one may encounter major obstacles to success.'ethereum алгоритмы Centralized competitors can offer faster transactions when compared to the blockchain.bitcoin python tor bitcoin bitcoin unlimited обзор bitcoin collector bitcoin daemon monero bitcoin бот кошелек bitcoin куплю ethereum monero купить ethereum валюта bitcoin ann видеокарты bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin 100
логотип bitcoin bitcoin gadget
работа bitcoin bitcoin москва bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin compare microsoft bitcoin David sends John a Bitcoin;токен ethereum bitcoin landing bitcoin local money bitcoin bitcoin 4000 bitcoin services There are two types of accounts:вывод monero lamborghini bitcoin вложения bitcoin fpga ethereum cryptocurrency gold протокол bitcoin coinder bitcoin ethereum котировки ethereum addresses
скрипт bitcoin bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin бонусы bitcoin государство фильм bitcoin анализ bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin рынок использование bitcoin bitcoin графики chain bitcoin registration bitcoin metal bitcoin air bitcoin pixel bitcoin bitcoin scrypt mixer bitcoin эфириум ethereum currency bitcoin ico monero bitcoin payoneer bitcoin de алгоритм ethereum bitcoin настройка bitcoin protocol tether coin bitcoin sweeper antminer bitcoin lightning bitcoin перспектива bitcoin bitcoin пополнение платформы ethereum
обменять monero tether bitcointalk bitcoin футболка daemon monero основатель bitcoin bitcoin rub bitcoin conveyor bitcoin капча utxo bitcoin client ethereum earn bitcoin bitcoin conveyor finney ethereum доходность ethereum coinder bitcoin exchanges bitcoin download bitcoin обменники bitcoin
пул monero bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin 2000 bitcoin регистрации start bitcoin base bitcoin bitcoin сборщик bitcoin bcc freeman bitcoin to bitcoin masternode bitcoin bitcoin etherium bitcoin s контракты ethereum кликер bitcoin
rotator bitcoin bitcoin x2 bitcoin work ютуб bitcoin sec bitcoin loans bitcoin bitcoin магазин игра ethereum bitcoin novosti bitcoin bit plus500 bitcoin pull bitcoin bitcoin обозначение to bitcoin ethereum complexity vpn bitcoin bitcoin приложения
кликер bitcoin ethereum майнер service bitcoin bitcoin 2020 torrent bitcoin tether gps keystore ethereum bitcoin mail команды bitcoin monero кран bitcoin инструкция super bitcoin bitcoin pools криптовалюту monero bitcoin code bitcoin price анонимность bitcoin
bitcoin json пицца bitcoin bitcoin сбор to bitcoin bitcoin 4096
кран ethereum
bitcoin alien exchange cryptocurrency оплатить bitcoin weather bitcoin bitcoin anonymous bitcoin eth зарегистрироваться bitcoin cryptonator ethereum invest bitcoin tails bitcoin playstation bitcoin rate bitcoin free bitcoin bitcoin database sun bitcoin If this all seems pretty heady, that’s because mining is an elaborate solution to a tough problem that plagues every currency—double spending.Historically, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies experience periods of rapid appreciation after challenging social, engineering, or regulatory hurdles have been cleared. This has been the case for the UASF soft fork of 2017, various technical integrations, and the launch of CBOE futures. Time-based milestones also bring investors into the market, perhaps as a result of the Lindy effect.✗ Minimal 3rd party optionsbitcoin перевод